Occupation
Occupation is the process of taking over an enemy's provinces temporarily during a war. It is an integral part of warfare.
The best and fastest way by far to force an enemy to capitulate in a war is to occupy provinces. In the base game and in A House Divided this was rather simple, but in Heart of Darkness different armies can besiege the same province at vastly different speeds.
Basic Occupation
An army will start occupying a province, when it is standing still in an enemy province. Occupation speed scales directly with how many brigades are in the occupation force, up to a maximum of thirteen brigades: a stack of ten units of infantry will occupy a province twice as quickly as a stack of five, but a stack of thirty will occupy a province at the same speed as a stack of thirteen.
An army will suffer a base attrition rate of 2% while occupying a province; except in the cases of invasion forces too large for optimum efficiency, this is the only attrition they will suffer. Additionally while laying siege to a province, an invading army only receives 80% of the Supply Limit that the province owner's armies receive.
Reconnaissance Efficiency
If an army includes a brigade with a Reconnaissance score then it will occupy provinces more quickly. The bonus to speed is equal to 50% times the Reconnaissance value of the highest-Reconnaissance brigade in the army. This bonus is reduced by having less than 100% Reconnaissance Efficiency.
Cavalry, 
Hussars, 
Dragoons and 
Airplanes provide Reconnaissance to their army. So long as at least one tenth of the army is composed of Reconnaissance units, then the army's Reconnaissance Efficiency will be at 100% and adding in extra Reconnaissance units will not speed up occupation.
Cuirassiers do not have reconnaissance despite them being mounted soldiers, until an invention, Interwar Cavalry, is unlocked in 1919.
The highest Reconnaissance for a unit is Airplanes (4 w/o inventions, 6 with inventions). Before airplanes the best unit is Hussars (2 w/o inventions, 4 with all inventions)
If less than one tenth of the stack has Reconnaissance, then the army's Reconnaissance Efficiency will be equal to the percentage of the required brigades present (i.e. one brigade out of twenty would give the army a Reconnaissance Efficiency of 50%) and the increase to occupation speed will be lower.
Siege Efficiency
A fort makes occupation time about 75% longer per fort level (i.e. a level three fort will add 225% to the required occupation length).
If an army includes a brigade with a Siege score, then it will reduce the effective level of a province's fort by one for every point of the highest-Siege brigade's Siege score. This effect is weakened by having less than 100% Siege Efficiency.
Engineers and 
Tanks provide Siege capability for their army. So long as at least one tenth of the army is composed of Siege units, then the army's Siege Efficiency will be at 100% and adding in extra Siege units will not make the army any more effective against forts.
An army's Siege value does not increase the speed of occupation in provinces that do not have a fortress.
War Score
Each province will provide war score relative to the size of the occupied nation. Additionally occupying an Enemy's capital will provide extra warscore.
Occupying a war goal will provide ticking war score over time.
Previous Versions
In the base game and in A House Divided there was little use to using large stacks to occupy land with: supply limits were low, and the occupation did not speed up appreciably compared to a smaller stack. The Heart of Darkness expansion changed this dynamic significantly.
